pimp issue fifteen

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---+----------- PROBE INDUSTRIES MAGAZINE PHILES
| | ISSUE NUMBER 15
---+--- RELEASED: 11/20/97 |
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| get new issues and news from us via the web:

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preface:

the magazine following is an electronic publication to help inform
society on details they may overlook in life, computers and
telephony they may not understand, and to broaden anyone and
everyone's knowledge. there is no blatently illegal information
discussed here. there is knowledge and understanding..

knowledge is the power, the power to the people, the people
are the knowledge. everything is on a need to know basis for us.
we all need the want to know.

==============================
contents for issue fifteen
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ИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИ
И И И
И THE И THE LARGEST CELLULAR GLOSSARY and acronyms compilation И
И И you will ever see. This mainly pertains to cell sites И
И BIG ONE И and cellular radios. И
И И И
И И pimped: anonymously И
ИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИ
И И И
И SECOND И news for and about the underground И
И И ------------------------------------ И
И SEKSHUN И EPHEDRA gets GANKED! И
И И -fringe И
И И И
ИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИИ

+-----------------------------------------------------+

oneoneone1oneoneone
oneoneon11oneoneone
oneoneo1e1oneoneone
oneoneone1oneoneone
oneoneone1oneoneone
oneoneone1oneoneone
oneone111111eoneone

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| ____________ |
| | |[] | Oki 900 art
| | |[] | courtesy of jcgangster
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| ( 4 )( 5 )( 6 ) |
| ( 7 )( 8 )( 9 ) |
| ( * )( 0 )( # ) |
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\___________________/

Welcome to the biggest cellular glossary you will
ever need.. hopefully this will teach people cellco
jargon and maybe help them understand things better.

When pimp received this file, there were no marks
on it as to who owned it or whether or not it was
considered confidential.. so it isn't.. it's just
definitions that are hard to get.

+----------------------------------------------------------+

$APPL1
IS-41 Converter- Tandem Application Disk

$DATA
IS-41 Converter- Tandem Data Disk

$S
Spooler Subsystem Collector Process

$SP25
Spooler Subsystem Craft Workstation Print Process

$SPLP
Spooler Subsystem CLX Print Process

$SPLS
Spooler Subsystem Supervisor Process

$SYSTEM
IS-41 Converter- Tandem System Disk

10-Channel Junction
Used in the DYNA TAC base station to combine the output of the nine (9)
cavity filters to produce a single output for the transmit antenna (via
the harmonic filter).

100 Call Seconds
See CCS (100 Call Seconds).

125 mS
A frame timing reference signal generated by the STC in the XC GCLK
card.

1.544 Mbps
Data transmission rate of a single frame, comprised of 24 64 kbps
channels.

16.384 Mhz
A TDM clock timing reference signal generated by the STC in the XC GCLK
card.

1-Plus
Areas where a digit "1" must be dialed before a telephone number. A
1-plus usually indicates a toll call or an extended area call.

1WL
One-way level.

1WN
One-way noise.

2.048 Mbps
Data transmission rate of a single frame, comprised of 32 64 kbps
channels.

3-sector
Antenna configuration, requires one transmit antenna per 120-degree
sector, plus two receive antennas for diversity reception. Duplexers
may be used to combine transmit and receive functions on the same
antenna. Allows a 7-cell reuse pattern for voice channels.

4MRAM
Four Megabyte Random Access Memory

6-sector
Antenna configuration, requires six 60-degree antennas. Each antenna
both transmits and receives. Allows a 4-cell reuse pattern for voice
channels.

6.12 S
A superframe timing reference signal generated by the STC in the XC
GCLK card.

60 mS
A synchronization timing reference signal generated by the STC in the
XC GCLK card.

64 kbps
Data transmission rate of a single channel, based upon eight bit words
and 8000 samples per second.

Pressing the "Control" and "A" keys simultaneously; aborts any MMI.

The key on the terminal keyboard labeled "Return" which generates the
carriage return character when pressed. Same as .

A terminal's Shift key. Always used in conjunction with another key.
For example, " + P" means to hold down the Shift key and press
the P key.

+---+
| A |
+---+

A+ interface
One of the major interfaces from the MSC. Connects the MSC to the SC
9600 system at the CBSC XC. The interface is comprised of E1 or T1 span
lines. Each span line represents a single carrier, and provides a
number of timeslots which can be used for signaling links with BSSAP
(LAPD or LAPB) control or traffic circuit channels as required.

Abbreviated Mobile Usage Record (ABMUR)
The record sent to the billing medium in each machine that a mobile
passes through, with the exception of the originating switch. It
contains the originating switch, current switch, air time on this
switch, and a few other essential fields for correlating back to the
original record. This record is an operator's receipt for air time used
on his switch.

ABEND
Abnormal ending of a process.

ACB
All channels busy.

Access Channel
In DYNA TAC systems, a control channel used by a mobile station to
access a system to obtain service.

Access Priority (ACCPRIOR)
In DYNA TAC systems, the access priority on the reverse control
channel. See Numeric Information.

Access Thresholds
A purchasable Special Product which specifies, on a per-sector basis, a
minimum received power required for a mobile to be allowed to access
the cell. Used to restrict originations on very busy cells to the best
candidates.

ACCH
Appended Control Channel. A user specified RFchannel providing
point-to-point bi-directional signaling up- and downlink. Includes the
SACCH and FACCH.

ACCPRIOR
The access priority on the reverse control channel. See Numeric
Information.

ACIA
Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter

ACK
Acknowledgement.

Acknowledge (ACK)
(1) The ACK signal is an active low pulse from the active Control Bus
Interface (CBI) to the Switch Matrix Processor (SMP). The signal
indicates that the board(s) addressed for the current bus cycle have
responded. Failure to receive the ACK signal during control bus state 7
causes the requesting SMP to generate a bus timeout interrupt. (2) A
message sent from a mobile to a base site to indicate that it has
received a page.

Acknowledged Alarm
The operator has an acknowledged alarm condition, but the condition
itself has not yet been resolved. The audible alarm (for this alarm) is
turned off. However, the alarm status remains on until the alarm
condition is resolved. The audible alarm will remain on if there are
other posted unacknowledged alarms.

Active-Duplex (ACT-DUP)
This is an EMX twin processor and control system state in which the
processor performs the normal active processor functions. These
functions include, but are not limited to:

* All call processing activities.
* All human/machine activities.
* And all data collection activities.

In addition to:

* Monitors the standby processor alarms.
* Executes sanity checks on the standby processor.
* Formats and sends checkpointed data for data base updates (as
required).
* Responds to standby processor reconfiguration directives.
* Manages twin processor Dynamic-Duplex fault detection exercises between
the active and standby processors.

Active Operation
This mode of operation implies that the system can properly complete a
significant percentage of call attempts. If the operator places the
system in a state (by removing the second of a dual processor pair)
that prevents the processing of telephone traffic, it is not active but
still on-line. The Administration Complex is not required for the
processing of telephone traffic and may not be operational, although
the system may be active.

Active Process
Process which is executable by having its entry in the active process
table set. (See Active Process Table.)

Active Process Table
Table which indicates for each process:

* Whether the process is active in the processor containing the table,
* Whether the process is active in the other processor of the pair, and
* Any special activity restrictions, such as active for initiation only,
etc.

Active Processor
The processor in control of a node.

Active-Simplex (ACT-SIMP)
This is an EMX twin processor and control system state in which the
processor performs the normal active processor functions. These
functions include, but are not limited to:

* All call processing activities.
* All human/machine activities.
* All data collection activities.

In addition, if the node/system is in static-duplex, it monitors the
following:

* Standby processor alarms.
* Execution of sanity checks on the standby processor.
* Response to standby processor reconfiguration directives.

Active Version
Active software version.

ACT-REST
Active-Restore

ACT-TNS
Active-Time Not Set

ACT-TS
Active-Time Set

A/D
Analog-to-Digital

ADCCP
Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure

ADDR
Address

Address
1) That portion of the message that specifies the destination and
handling. A telephone address includes the precedence digit, two
routing digits, a three-digit area code, three-digit central office
code and four-digit line number. 2) An identification, represented by a
name, or number, location in storage, or any other data source or
destination.

ADE or ADMEXT
See Administration Manager Extension.

ADM
Administration Subsystem Manager Processor. The dominant processor in
the processor hierarchy of the Administration Subsystem.

ADM-E
See Administration Manager Extension.

ADMIN
(1) See Admin Manager. (2) IPR log type for Administrative IPRs.

Administration Manager Extension (ADM-E, ADMX)
A processor belonging to the Admin Manager which does all the tandeming
of message traffic for the Admin Manager. Controls the second highest
level bus in the distributed control hierarchy. Detects problems in the
system by using testing, common control testing, scheduled testing,
statistical analysis, audits, CAMP monitoring, alarm detection, and
constantly monitoring the system.

Administrative Complex
The minimum set of system devices required to operate the system
terminals on-line consisting of at least one of each of the following
dual devices: Administration Manager; Communications Processor;
administration disk; administration external memory, and communication
external memory, and data link controllers.

Administrative Initial Program Load (AIPL)
An initial program load that loads and restarts only the Admin
processors. Also see Initial Program Load.

Administrative/Maintenance Subsystem
Collects and stores automatic message accounting (AMA) and traffic
measurement and metering (TMM) data, controls configurations, downloads
program and data base data and interfaces the alarm and trunk test
subsystems. All these functions are controlled by the admin manager and
admin manager extension, which are microprocessor pairs residing at the
two highest levels of the control hierarchy.

Admin Manager (ADM, ADMIN)
The highest level processor in the hierarchy of the EMXt 2500 system.
The ADM consists of dual processors and has direct access to the dual
Administrative disk drives, the dual Administrative tape drives, dual
external shared memory, the Communications Processor, and the Admin
Extension Processor (ADE).

ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation.

ADS
Automated Database Synchronization Facility. This is a newly proposed
TTD product.

AFC
Automatic Frequency Control.

AGC
Automatic Gain Control.

AIN
Advanced Intelligent Network.

AIP
Application Software Installation Program.

AIPL
See Administrative Initial Program Load.

Air-Time
The time, generally, that an RF channel (or channels) are in use. This
includes, but is not limited to, the accumulated time that a subscriber
unit is engaged in a conversation.

AIS
Alarm Indication Signal.

Alarm
A warning signal, either a visual signal (lighted lamp) or an audible
signal (bell or buzzer) which alerts personnel to an error or failure
condition.

Alarm Class
The severity level of the alarm condition. The values are minor, major,
and catastrophic.

Alarm Display
The top five lines of the CAMP screen are reserved for the alarm
notification display. The minor, major, and catastrophic alarm counts
and an alarm text for the most recently posted unacknowledged ON alarm
of the highest alarm class are displayed for each alarm type. There is
also a frame alarm.

Alarm Indicator Messages
Messages sent to EMX alarm and status panels to turn off various LEDs
or audible alarms. Alarm messages can also be printed on the
teleprinters.

Alarm Indicators
Messages sent to EMX alarm and status panels to turn on or off various
LEDs or audible alarms.

Alarm and Status Electronics Board (ASEB)
The ASEB is located at the rear of each alarm and status cage. It
accepts display data in a differential mode from the alarm and status
interface board, decodes the display module address and forwards the
TTL display data to the Alarm and Status Lamp Module (ASLM) and Alarm
and Status Switch Module (ASSM).

Alarm and Status Electronics and Relay Board (ASERB)
The ASERB is located at the rear of each alarm and status cage. It
accepts display data in a differential mode from the ASI card, decodes
the display module address, and forwards the TTL display data to the
ASLM and ASSM boards. It also provides an interface between the EMX and
the customer audible and visual alarm circuitry. The board includes
eight Form-C relays whose contacts may be configured either normally
closed or open as required.

Alarm and Status Handler (ASH)
A group of software processes that report the results of activities
performed by devices which have been affected by maintenance commands,
as well as reports changes in service states due to failures and
reports changes in the base site controller mobile communications
interface via the Alarm and Status Panels (ASP) RF channel display.
These processes use translation tables for the generation of
teleprinter messages and activating lights on the Alarm and Status
Panel (ASP) LED displays.

Alarm and Status Interface (ASI)
Two ASI cards are used in the Maintenance and Status Unit (MSU). One
ASI card is associated with the Maintenance Processor (MPROC) and the
other with the System Status Register (SSR). There are two main
functions provided by the ASI board. The first is to provide a Watchdog
Timer (WDT) to the processor with which it is associated. Secondly, ASI
provides TTL to differential conversion and multiplexes the display
address and data information to the Alarm and Status Electronics Board
(ASEB) or Alarm and Status Electronics Relay Board (ASERB).

Alarm and Status Lamp Module (ASLM)
A card in the Alarm and Status Panel (ASP) which provides alarm and
system status displays under control of the Maintenance and Status Unit
(MSU).

Alarm and Status Panel (ASP)
An indicating display which has specific information concerning the
state of alarms and status in the system.

Alarm and Status Switch Module (ASSM)
A card in the alarm and status panel which provides alarm and system
status displays under control of the Maintenance and Status Unit (MSU).
This card also provides facilities for manually operated switch inputs
to the system.

Alarm Maintenance Multiplexer (AMM-1)
Serial digital I/O interface which monitors all power supplies, fuses,
circuit breaker distribution, and the system power plant. Also provides
audible and visual alarm indications.

Alarm Management
A subsystem that provides reference information on monitoring and
managing alarms and events from the Craft Workstation that occur on the
TSCP-2000 node.

Alarm Message
A printed report on the system maintenance teleprinter indicating a
status change, reconfiguration or alarm of a component of the EMX. Some
alarm messages may be accompanied by changes in the Alarm and Status
Panel light display.

Alarm Multiplex Communication Adapter-1 (AMCA-1)
Board Provides the interface between the AMM-1 and COM-1 Boards and
controls the audible alarm.

Alarm Relay Interface (ARI) Card
The ARI card is the interface between the EMX and the customer audible
and visual alarm circuitry. This board incorporates the watchdog timer
circuitry and functions as if it were two Alarm and Status Interface
(ASI) circuits on one board except the address and data information
controls relays rather than displays. The board provides eight Form-C
relays. Contacts may be configured for normally open or normally
closed, as required by the customer interface. (These boards have been
deleted in later systems.)

Alarm MUX
A serial interface device for monitoring inputs and outputs. It
consists of an alarm multiplex communication adapter (AMCA) and up to
128 alarms maintenance multiplexers (AMM). The AMCA is controlled via a
COMM-1 on the maintenance bus. Typically, each equipment frame houses
one AMM. One output of each AMM is connected to a frame fault light. An
output of one of the AMMs is reserved for the audible alarms and three
outputs of another for the alarm lights. Inputs are used to monitor
miscellaneous alarm conditions at each frame.

Alarm Panel
A device mounted to the front of one of the equipment frames. It
contains the audible and visual alarms.

Alarm Status
The status of an alarm is either ON, OFF, acknowledged (ACK), or
unacknowledged (UNACK).

Alarm Reports
Printed output resulting from hardware or software fault conditions.
Reports are formatted by teleprinter executive software and printed at
assigned teleprinters.

Alarm Severity
One of five levels of severity associated with an ALARM, STATUS or
RECON message printed on the system maintenance teleprinter. The level
of alarm severity of the message is indicated by the presence of 0 to 4
asterisks preceding the alarm message, as follows:

* Major 1
System is down, all call processing capability lost (****).

* Major 2
Loss of major components. Some call processing capability lost (***).

* Minor 1
Loss of redundant component, no call processing capability lost (**).

Alarm Status OFF
The condition for which the alarm is defined is not happening. No
audible or visual alarms are turned on for this alarm number.

Alarm Status ON
The condition for which the alarm is defined exists. The audible alarm
(if required for this alarm) and the visual alarm have been turned on
for this alarm.

* Minor 2
Loss of minor redundant component, no call processing capability lost
(*).

* None
No alarm severity.

Alarm Subsystem
Consists of the Maintenance Processor, COM-1 board, AMCA, and several
AMM-1 modules.

Alarm Text
The character string displayed on the CAMP terminal which is a unique,
brief description of the alarm condition.

Alarm Type
Miscellaneous or the subsystem which produced the alarm condition. The
subsystems which produce internal alarms are Common Control Equipment
(CONTRO), Switch Matrix Equipment (NETWOR), Trunk Equipment (TRUNKS),
Service Equipment (SVCKTS), or Automatic Message Accounting (AMA), and
Miscellaneous (MISC).

Alarm Type Status
For each alarm type, this is the number of minor, major, or
catastrophic alarms that are ON, and the number of unacknowledged
alarms.

A-Law
An encoding format for the quantization and digitization of analog
signals into PCM signals and recovery of analog signals from Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM) signals. A-Law specifies parameters for compression
and re-expansion of the signal during transmission and processing.
A-Law PCM encoding is used in 30-channel EMX systems (see also Mu-Law).

A-Law PCM
Logarithmic companding algorithm used for speech coding in Europe.

Algorithm
An ordered sequence of mathematical steps that produces an answer to a
problem, although the solution may be more lengthy than necessary.

Allocation bitmap
A table on the disk that indicates each block usage.

All Trunks Busy (ATB)
This is a condition of the telephone switching system where all paths
to or from a particular exchange are occupied. In such cases the caller
normally receives a rapid busy tone (also 120 ipm).

ALM
See Analog Line Module.

ALRM
See Alarm Interface.

AMA
(1) See Automatic Message Accounting Subsystem. (2) IPR log type for
Automatic Message Accounting Subsystem IPRs.

AMC
See Alarm Multiplexer Controller.

AMCA
See Alarm Mux Communication Adapter.

AMCA-1 Board
See Alarm Multiplexer Communication Adapter-1 Board.

AMF
Analog Maintenance Frame.

AMM
See Alarm Maintenance Multiplexer.

AMM-1
See Alarm Maintenance Multiplexer.

AMPS
A Bell System acronym and registered service mark for their Advanced
Mobile Phone Service. See Cellular System.

AMPS-DC
Advanced Mobile Phone System-Digital Cellular as specified in IS-54.

AMR Card
Alarm Monitoring and Reporting card. Located in the PDC of the RF Modem
cabinet and in the XC. Used within the BTS to monitor and report
alarms. Monitors up to 18 alarms sensors, reporting changes to the
operator. Also supports up to eight control relay functions, activated
by operator command.

Analog Color Code
In DYNA TAC systems, an analog signal (see Supervisory Audio Tone)
transmitted by a land station on a voice channel and used to detect
capture of a mobile station by an interfering land station and/or the
capture of a land station by an interfering mobile station.

Analog Line Module (ALM)
Serves each line by a dedicated switch matrix channel without traffic
concentrating.

Analog Recorded Announcement-1 (ARA-1)
Board Provides analog-to-digital conversion and signaling control for
up to 16 separately recorded announcement devices or channels.

Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
A device that converts a signal that is a function of a continuous
variable into a representative number sequence carrying equivalent
information.

ANI
Automatic Number Identification. A DTMF data stream from the cellular
switch. The data stream consists of a ten digit number. The ANI is used
to identify the callee or the caller to the MCMC.

ANSI
American National Standards Institute

Answer Signal
The 2070 Hz tone transmitted by the called mobile to the international
base site controller in OBL-B systems after the handset has been
lifted. This signal causes the holding signal to be switched off, which
then terminates ringing in the mobile. It also initiates connection of
the audio path for conversation between the two parties.

Antenna
A transmitter/receiver which converts electrical currents into RF and
vice versa. In cellular systems, transmits and receives RF signals
between the BTS and MS. May be configured for omni/omni, sector/sector,
or omni/sector.

ANTMAT
Antenna Matrix.

AOS
See Automatically Out-of-Service.

API
See Application Programming Interface.

Appearance
A device (line, trunk, receiver, sender) location as it appears on the
switch matrix.

Application Program
A self-contained part of the system software which provides a specific
function in a system.

Application Programming Interface (API)
Provides common interface within the SC 9600 system. Includes
transceiver operating system, board support, run time library, message
routing, performance measurement, timer functions and data base
management.

APPLSTAT
Application verification macro that is executed after completion of an
application installation, application upgrade or cold loading of the
platform system. APPLSTAT checks for the existence of all required
application processes.

APR
Announcement Prior to Routing.

AR -Authentication Request.

AR
Automatic Roaming.

ARA
Analog Recorded Announcement.

ARA-1 Board
See Analog Recorded Announcement-1 Board.

Area Code
In the United States and Canada, the telephone system is divided up
into number plan areas (NPAs). The area code is the three-digit number
that is common to all telephone numbers in one of these areas. For
example: The area code for Chicago is 312.

ARI
Alarm Relay Interface

ARM
Alarm Reset Module.

ARRT
Addressable Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter.

ARQ
Automatic Request for retransmission.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
A data communication code set consisting of a 7-bit (8-bit compatible)
binary code used to standardize the interchange of data (usually
characters; both control and symbolic) between processing and
communication equipment.

ASCII Encoded Messages
American Standard for Information Interchange; code used by the EMX
software that assigns specific bit patterns to each sign, symbol,
numeral, letter, and operation.

ASEB
Alarm and Status Electronics Board

ASERB
Alarm and Status Electronics Relay Board

ASH
Alarm and Status Handler

ASI
Alarm Status Interface

ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuit.

ASLM
Alarm and Status Lamp Module

ASP
1. Alarm Status Panel. 2. The Alarm Status Windows located across the
top of the Craft Workstation Screen. They have specific information
concerning the state of alarms and status in the system.
Assignment
Designation of a transceiver tuned to a specific frequency for RF
transmission.

ASSM
Alarm and Status Switch Module

ASUMMARY
Application Summary

ASU
Antenna Select Unit. Part of the RFDS. Outputs test signals generated
by the RFDS XCVR. Receives and selects input signals to be tested by
the RFDS.

Asynchronous
Not occurring, existing, or arising at the same time.

Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA)
An integrated circuit in the Motorola 6800 microprocessor family that
provides the data formatting and control to interface serial
asynchronous data communications information to a bus organized system
such as a microcomputer. Connects parallel-to-serial data and
vice-versa.

Asynchronous Communications Interface-1 (COM-1) Board
1) The interface between a Communication Processor (controlling
microprocessor) and an asynchronous serial peripheral device. 2)
Functions as an interface between a MP (processor) and a single channel
transmit and receive serial asynchronous RS-232 compatible peripheral.
3) Communications interface between the Serial Device Driver and the
CAMP terminals, when the Terminal Handler resides in the Comm
processor.

ATB
All Trunks Busy

ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode.

ATP
Alarm Transfer Process

ATT
Automatic Trunk Test; see Automatic Trunk Test Program.

Attenuation
The decrease in an energy level as a signal propagates through
equipment, transmission lines or space, usually expressed in decibels.

Attenuator
A device for reducing the energy level of a signal without introducing
distortion. Also called a pad.

ATTS
See Automatic Trunk Testing Subsystem.

AUC
Authentication Center.

AUD
See Audio Board.

Audible Alarm
A device controlled by the alarm mux. It is sounded whenever there are
unacknowledged alarms posted. Three distinct sound patterns are
produced to correspond to minor, major, and catastrophic alarms. The
audible alarm will reflect the most severe, unacknowledged alarm
condition in the system. The audible alarm is controlled by an alarm
mux output.

Audible Signal
Tone signal directed to the telephone user's ear to indicate call
progress and disposition, including, but not limited to congestion or
All Trunks Busy (ATB), called party busy (or line busy tone
60 ipm), ringback, and dial tone. Also called progress tones.

Audio Board (AUD)
Conditions (and compands) the audio for connection to both RF equipment
and telephone lines in DYNA TAC (cellular) systems, one AUD is
installed for each voice channel at a base station.

AUDIT
IPR log type for database related IPRs.

Audit
An application program or process which investigates the integrity of
specific data structures.

Audit Process
A process which periodically deletes invalid subscriber records in
order to maintain the accuracy of the associated databases.

AUI
Attachment Unit Interface. A computer node interface.
Austria Total Access Communications System

(A-T.A.C.S.)
Austrian implementation of the Total Access Communications System. Also
see DYNA TAC and T.A.C.S.

Authentication Signal
In OBL-B systems, the IBSC transmits the authentication signal after
receiving the identification signal from the mobile. The mobile
compares both these signals and, if they are not identical, the mobile
is switched off the channel. Thus, the simultaneous occupation of one
speaking channel by several mobiles (multiple seizures) is made
impossible.

Automatic Message Accounting (AMA) Subsystem
This subsystem is responsible for the establishment of collection
thresholds and associated alarms; the establishment of the switching
systems site identification number; definition and display of the
AMA
batch files; dumping the AMA batch files to magnetic tape.

Automatic Number Identification (ANI)
In mobile telephony, the term ANI usually refers to the code number
which is automatically transmitted by the mobile telephone at the
beginning of the placement of a call. Normally, this same code number
is used as the selective call of the mobile telephone for receiving
calls from the terminal. In the case of IMTS systems, this ANI number
is seven digits long and in the United States telephone company market
is made up of the area code and the last four numbers of the telephone
number assigned to the mobile unit.

Automatic Out-of-Service
A state set by the Fault Isolation Subsystem (FISO) when a detected
device problem prevents access by normal system functions.

Automatic Roaming
Capability for automatic routing of mobile terminated calls to a mobile
in its currently registered area (used when the mobile is outside its
home area).

Automatic Roaming
This is the title given to the group of IS-41 general provisions that
automatically provides cellular services to cellular subscribers who
are operating their equipment while located outside their home service
areas.

Automatic Time of Day Schedule
A parameter in the test mobile data base that indicates which automatic
tests are scheduled for each hour of the day. Contains the hour of the
day and the corresponding test type.

Automatic Trunk Test Program (ATT)
One of the two software programs resident in the Automatic Trunk
Testing Subsystem.

Automatic Trunk Testing Subsystem (ATTS)
Helps ensure the quality of telephone lines. This is accomplished by a
series of tests, each with a specific purpose. The ATTS supports access
and testing of any trunk that appears on the EMX 2500. Automatic trunk
testing can be initiated by either an operator command or by a command
file, which can be activated at a predetermined time.

Auto Restoral Task
Initiates test on "failed" devices which are in the "auto restore"
list. When a device is in the list, it is periodically tested by adding
an entry to the FISO isolation test list.

+---+
| B |
+---+

Background
The automatic execution of lower priority computer programs which are
temporarily suspended when higher priority foreground programs are
active.

Backplane
Assembly in the rear of a card cage typically holding the circuit board
connectors and interconnecting signal conductors.

Backup
Permanent and semi-permanent data to enable quick restart in the event
of a total system failure which requires reloading. Generally refers to
magnetic tape copies of data and programs that reside on disks.

Bad Block
A disk block that has a media problem on the disk drive that prevents
it from faithfully recording information. The disk drive is able to
select an alternate block to use in its place when directed by
software.

Balanced Circuit
A circuit in which two branches are electrically alike and symmetrical
with respect to a common reference, usually ground. For an applied
differential signal at the input, the signal relative to the reference
at equivalent points in the two branches must be opposite in polarity
and equal in amplitude.

BALUN
Balanced/Unbalanced. A device which matches an unbalanced coaxial
transmission line to a balanced two-wire system.

Bandit
A mobile attempting to use an invalid or unauthorized mobile telephone
number or operating method.

Bandit Flag
A flag which can be inserted in the subscriber data base file which
reports stolen mobiles.

Band Pass Filter
Used to reduce wideband noise in the receiver band, out-of-band
intermodulation levels, and carrier frequency harmonics. Required for
omni/sector.

Base Control Unit (BCU)
Used in Nordic systems to control a base station. It accepts commands
from the Channel Signaling Interface (CSI) in Nordic format (e.g., key
transmitter) and sends Nordic messages to the Channel Signaling
Interface (CSI) (e.g., transmitter alarm). Under certain circumstances,
a BCU can communicate with the Site Supervisory Unit (SSU) at the same
site.

Base Node Number
Number used to identify which nodes comprise a particular set of nodes
in an EMX system. In a system with only one set of nodes the base node
number is zero (0). Node 0 always defines the local node regardless of
the number of sets of nodes. For example, a node in set #1 would be #1
to a node in any other set and a node in set #2 would be node #2 to any
other node. Base node numbers of interconnected EMXs with multiple
nodes can range from 0 to 31. The base node number facilitates
interprocessor communication.

Base Site
The combination of base station and base station (site) controller,
which together comprise one cell in a cellular telephone system.

Base Site Controller (BSC)
The interface in DYNA TAC systems between the EMX switch and the base
station transmitter and receiver.

Base-Site-Link Processor (BSLK)
The lowest level processor in the Cellular Processing Subsystem. Its
function is to handle communication between the EMX 2500 and the remote
Base Site Controllers. It provides both the physical and logical
connection between the cell site and the switch. It converts messages
from the internal format of the switch to a serial form for translation
to the cell sites.

Base Site Power Amplifier
Used in the DYNA TAC base station to amplify the low level signal from
the exciter for application to the antenna.

Base Station (BS)
In cellular systems, the base station is made up of RF transmitters and
receivers which communicate with cellular subscriber (mobile or
portable) equipment. It provides the means to relay data and voice
communications between subscriber equipment and base site controllers.

Batch File
A sequence of blocks on the collection file which are referenced by a
single name and entry in the batch file control table.

Batch File Control Table (BFCT)
An external memory table whose entries are pointers to batch files
(batch files on disk).

Batch File Display
The command DISPLAY BATCH will provide valuable information about the
collection of files to be searched.

Battery (Central Office)
The negative voltage with respect to earth or chassis ground, that
feeds power to telephone equipment.

Baud (also Baud Rate)
A unit of signaling speed which is equal to the number of discrete
conditions or signal events per second.

Bay
Mechanical structure that supports the electronic equipment used in the
EMX system. Also called a rack.

BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel. A common access RF channel providing
point-to-multipoint unidirectional signaling downlink. Used to
broadcast general information about a BTS site on a per cell or sector
basis.

BCD
Binary Coded Decimal

BCH Code
Bose-Chauhduri-Hocauenghem Code. An error correcting code sometimes
used with data transmission equipment.

BCU Shelf
See XC shelf.

Beginning of Tape (BOT)
See Load Point.

BER
Bit Error Rate.

Berry
Refers to the Berry components of the transmission measurement set used
in Radio Channel Test.

BERT
Bit Error Rate Test.

BFCT
See Batch File Control Table.

BHCA
Busy Hour Call Attempt.

BHCCS
Busy Hours Hundred Calls per Second.

BHL
Busy Hour Loading.

BHW
Baseline Hardware Document.

BIB
Balanced-line Interface Board. Part of the XC. Terminates span line
cables for the transcoder, interfacing external span lines and the
MSIs. Mounted on top of the XC cabinet. Provides twelve balanced 100 to
120-ohm lines coupled to the MSI through transformers.

BIC
Backplane Interconnect Card.

Billing Data
All call data collected during a telephone call. Includes: Seizure
time, originating port number, mobile number, call classes, dialed
digits, direction indicator, connection indicator, home/roam indicator,
answer time, disconnect time, timeouts, midnight indicator, and manual
time change. (Refer to Operator's Manual for exact format.)

Billing Records
Three types including:

* Call Records
one per call with the above billing data.

* Transmit Records
one per use of the dedicated trunks between two EMX systems.

* Subscriber Options Records
one per option used, initiated, or canceled (see your Operator's Manual
for record layouts).

Binary
Pertaining to a characteristic or property involving a selection,
choice, or conditions in which there are two and only two
possibilities.

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
A format used to encode the 10 decimal characters into standard 8-4-2-1
weighted 4-bit binary characters. The remaining 4-bit binary
combinations (decimal values 10-15) are disallowed. See also Packed
BCD.

Bipolar
A format for transmission over differential line pairs where a pulse of
equal positive (on one line) and negative (on the other line) amplitude
represents one binary state and the absence of a pulse represents the
other binary state.

BIS
Busy/Idle State

Bit
An abbreviation for binary digit. A binary digit is a character used to
represent one of the two states or digits (0 or 1) in the numeration
system with a radix of two. Also, a unit of storage capacity.
Bits Per Second (bps)
A measure of data transmission speed. The number of binary characters
(1's or 0's) transmitted in one second. For example, an eight-bit
parallel transmission link which transfers one character (eight bits)
per second is operating at 8 bps.

Block
1) A group of bits (binary digits) transmitted as a unit, over which a
parity check procedure is applied for error control purposes. 2) The
smallest unit of data that may be recorded on tape.

Block Count
The number of data blocks written to a DAS tape. There are 2 separate
block counts:

* The count used by the tape management records is a daily count which is
reset at midnight. This count is also reset when a tape is activated
manually (does not take over from another tape). This tape will start
with a header record instead of a transfer record.
* The count maintained on a per-tape basis. This count is used in the IBM
trailer labels at the end of a tape.

Block Descriptor Word
The 32 bits at the beginning of each data block written onto a DAS
tape. The more significant 16 bits represent the block length (in
binary form). The less significant 16 bits are loaded with zeros.

Blocking
The inability of the calling subscriber to be connected to the called
subscriber because either (a) all paths are busy, or (b) because idle
paths in the calling group cannot access idle paths in the called
group.

BNC
Bayonet-Neill-Concilman connector. This style connector is used for the
thin Ethernet interface on the MC system.

* Board A PCB or such that is bolted, screwed, or secured in some fashion
to a rack/frame or other piece of hardware.

BOM
Bill Of Materials.

BOT
Beginning of Tape

Bootstrap Loader
A routine whose first instructions are sufficient to load the remainder
of itself into memory from an input device and (normally) initialize a
complex system of programs.

BPROC
BSC Processor Card (IMTS)

bps
Bits Per Second

BR
Bus Repeater

Bridging Connection
A connection across or in parallel with another circuit, generally of
high impedance so that the circuit is not loaded by the bridging
connection.

Brief Text
A brief description of the error condition that caused an IPR to be
sent.

BRSAS
Bus Repeater and System Alarm Status

BRTD
Bus Repeater Tone Detector.

BS
Base Station

BSC
Base Site Controller

BSC Messages
In IMTS systems, formatted messages transmitted between the Switch
Control Unit and BSC via the multiple terminal interface card/multiple
line interface card. In DYNA TAC systems, formatted messages
transmitted between the channel control processor and BSC via Serial
Communications Interface Peripheral (SCIP) cards.

BSD
Berkeley Systems Design. A variant of UNIX.

BSEL
See Bus Select.

BSLK
See Base-Site-Link Processor.

BSS
Base Station System. Consists of one CBSC and associated BTSs;
represents the fixed end of the radio interface for an SC 9600 cellular
system. Provides control and radio coverage functions.

BSSAP
BSS Application Part. Protocol for LAPD or LAPB signaling links on the
A-interface. Comprised of DTAP and BSSMAP messages. Supports message
communication between the MSC and BSS.

BSSMAP
BSS Management Application Part. Call processing protocol for
A-interface messages exchanged between the MSC and BSS. The BSS
interprets these messages.

BSW
Baseline Software Document.

BSY
Busy

BT
Bus Terminator.

BT1
See Universal Bus Terminator.

BT-3 Board
See Bus Terminator-3 Board.

BTA
Bus Terminator Arbitrator.

BTC
Bus Terminator Card. Part of the XC. Provides high-speed bus
termination on the XC backplane.

BTR
Bus Terminator

BTS
RF Base Transceiver Station, representing one cell. Part of the BSS.
Comprised of the SIF, RF Modem, and LPA cabinets. Provides the standard
radio transceiver functions for the air interface.

BTS site
The location of a particular BTS.

BTSDS0
BTS Digital Synch Signal 0.

BTSLINK
FEP-BTS Control Link.

BTSNCON
BTS Link Nailed Connection.

BTSSPAN
BTS Span.

Buffer
1) A temporary storage device for data which cannot be used or
retransmitted immediately. Buffers may be used on a network for error
checking, for store and forward, or to compensate for a difference in
the rate of flow of data when transmitted from one device to another.
2) A device used as an interface between two circuits or equipments to
reconcile their incompatibilities or to prevent variations in one from
affecting the other. 3) A circuit used for transferring data from one
unit to another when temporary storage is required because of different
operating speeds or occurrence timing. 4) In software, memory area
allocated for use by application programs.

Bus
One or more conductors used for transmitting signals or power from one
or more sources to one or more destinations.

Bus Repeater and System Alarm and Status (BRSAS)
In DYNA TAC systems, a multi-function board which buffers backplane
input/output bus signals from the upper backplane of a half node to the
lower backplane of the second half node. This allows a processor to
interface to all dual ported peripherals and associated circuits.
Inputs are latched and the board can be programmed to interrupt the
processor on alarm and status conditions. On board termination to the
backplane is also supplied to provide impedance matching and
termination of backplane bus signals. BRSAS cards reside in all
processor nodes.

Bus Select (BSEL)
A bus select signal is provided for each of the eight subordinate buses
accessed by the associated Matrix Control Bus. This permits the
selection of any combination of the subordinate buses on any bus cycle.
Bus select signals are derived from the subsystem select register and
the A/B select register on the SMP boards. A "low" on a bus select
signal selects the associated subordinate control bus for the current
cycle.

Bus Terminator (BTR) Card
A special card to provide impedance matching and termination of
backplane bus signals. The BTR card plugs directly over the backplane
wirewrap pins.

Bus Terminator-3 (BT-3) Board
Functions as a bus terminator and tester; clock and frame
tester-arbitrator; bus arbitrator; error accumulator, and supports
digital output operation for buses associated with the T1 Digital
Interface Unit.

Busy-Idle Bits
In DYNA TAC systems, the portion of the data stream transmitted by a
land station on a forward control channel that is used to indicate the
currently busy-idle status of the corresponding reverse control
channel.

Busy/Idle State (BIS)
In DYNA TAC systems, identifies whether a mobile station must check for
an idle-to-busy transition on a reverse control channel when accessing
a system. See Numeric Information.

Busy Transfer
A feature that allows calls to a mobile to be forwarded only if the
mobile is busy with another call.

Busy Transfer Processing
If this feature is activated and the mobile is not busy, the call is
treated as a normal mobile termination. Otherwise, the call is
transferred to the forward-to number.

BVL
Basic Validation.

Byte
A sequence of adjacent binary digits operated upon as a unit. Generally
consists of eight bits, usually presented in parallel. A byte is
usually the smallest addressable unit of information in a data store on
memory. See also Octet.

BZT
See Busy Transfer.

+---+
| C |
+---+

C7
CCITT Signaling System Number 7. See also Signaling System 7.

C7LINK
C7 Link.

C/I
See CIR.

CAC
Common Access Channel. A control channel, such as the BCCH, CCCH (PCH
or SCCH) or UPCH.

CACR
Common Access Channel
Redundant.

CACRF
Common Access Channel
RF.

Cage
See shelf.

Calibrate
A procedural modifier for a telephony state. Indicates the device is in
the process of initializing and is required to perform Cold Convergence
Calibration during its initialization.

CALL
IPR log type for call processing IPRs.

Call Class
See Call Final Class.

Call Class Indicator
Two-digit indicator in the call record showing the type of call and the
reason the call was routed to a message, tone, or operator if the call
could not be completed.

Call Confirmation Signal
The 1950 Hz tone transmitted by the mobile to OBL-B systems to the IBSC
after the selective call has been successfully decoded. This signal
advises the EMX that the called mobile is operational and ready to
receive the holding signal, this signal also causes ringback tone to be
returned to the calling party.

Calling Channel
Common channel used throughout OBL-B system to selectively call the
mobile units. In the idle condition, all mobile receivers are switched
to this frequency. Mobile units cannot transmit on this frequency.
Calling channel operation is controlled by the EMX after trunk seizure
on a land-initiated call.

Call Detail Records (CDR)
Detailed information concerning a call processing event, an entry in a
batch file. This data consists of all the information needed to bill
the customer for the call and facility usage data for the call. A
fixed-length record which contains the necessary information to
generate customer billing and provides certain facility usage.

Call Diversion
The act of routing a calling party to something other than the called
number, usually progress tones, a message recorder, or an operator.

Call Failure Class
See Call Final Class.

Call Final Class (CFC)
The status of a call upon completion, identified by a pre-defined
two-hex-digit code (00-FF). Examples of CFCs include normal completion
to or from a home subscriber, terminating mobile was busy, insufficient
dialed digits, and many more. Call treatments can be assigned to each
CFC. Sometimes called Call Failure Class or Call Class.

Call Forwarding
A feature available to the mobile telephone user whereby, after
initiation of the feature by an authorized subscriber, calls dialed to
the mobile telephone of an authorized subscriber will automatically be
routed to the desired number.

Call Management Subsystem
Manages trunk circuits, collects data, performs data base translations,
and supervises and controls all the events and tasks required for
processing calls through the EMX 2500.

Call Processing
A distributed process by which an entire EMX accepts, routes, disposes
of, and generates statistics and billing information on every telephone
call passing through it (whether or not the call is completed).

Call Processing Manager (CPM)
Consists of dual MP-8 processors and is a slave to the Admin Manager,
and a master to the Call Manager Extension Processors and Cellular
Network Manager. The CPM has direct access to its own duplexed external
shared memory. Its functions include: Maintaining the idle lists of
circuits in each trunk group and use of these lists in route selection;
collect the Call Detail Record (CDR) data for each telephone call and
distribute completed CDRs to the Admin Manager, and collect Traffic
Metering and Measurement (TMM) data for trunk groups and called numbers
and distribute the TMM data to the Admin Manager.

Call Processing Manager Extension (CPM-E, CPE, CPMX)
Controls the fourth highest level bus in the distributed control
hierarchy. Slave to Call Processing Manager; Master to the Line Trunk
Managers, Service Managers, Translation Processor, and Mobile Control
Manager. Handles tandem message traffic between these processors. It
offloads the CPM of tandem message traffic between the originating and
terminating line trunk manager or cell group manager. It contains
copies of the programs required for loading the line trunk processor
and line trunk manager.

Call Processing Program
Software that controls the switching network in an electronic switching
system.

Call Processing Subsystem
A subsystem of the EMX 2500 which handles all calls flowing through the
switch (from request for service through disconnect) and passes a CDR
to AMA for billing purposes.

Call Processing Trunk Data Base
Maintains the equipped status of a trunk with respect to the call
processing and trunk group to which the trunk is assigned.

Call Record
A record stored on a DAS tape containing the overall timing
information, mobile number, dialed digits, and appropriate indicators
to ticket a call for every call completed or attempted through the EMX.

Call Routing File
An optional file consisting of stored tables that are used to generate
a primary and alternate route into the land network for mobile
originating calls.

Call Treatment
Audio provided to callers, used to indicate the ultimate result of a
call attempt. Treatments include progress tones (e.g., ringback, busy,
click-tone) and recorded announcements.

Call Waiting
A subscriber feature which allows an individual mobile telephone user
currently engaged in a call to be alerted that another caller is trying
to reach him. The user has a predetermined period of time in which to
terminate the existing conversation and respond to the second call.

Calling Channel (CC)
Used in Nordic systems to designate a channel used for call set-up to
mobile subscribers. Under certain conditions the CC can be used as
traffic channels.

CAMP
See Configuration (Control), Administration and Maintenance Position.

CAMP Function
This is two CRTs (expandable to 16) dedicated to the control function
and maintenance function. This provides password security;
password-based command level screening; operator prompts, and a help
facility. The CAMP can have a local or remote location but is always
external to the switch.

Campon (CMPN)
A job is in campon state when it is waiting for a piece of hardware or
another resource to become available. In this priority state, the
resource is marked so that no other job can get access to the resource
before the job in campon state.

CAMP Terminal
CRT-type terminal with an optional printer. It provides password
security, command level screening based on password, brief or verbose
output, and a HELP facility. Also see Configuration (Control),
Administration and Maintenance Position.

Cancellation
Function used to disable any previously requested special service
functions dialed by the mobile telephone subscriber.

Card
Generally refers to a printed circuit board. Also called board.

Card Cage
The card cage is that part of the equipment that holds the printed
circuit cards.

Carrier Circuit
A system where many different conversations are combined on a single
pair of wires or a single radio channel in such a manner as they may
take place simultaneously without interfering with each other.

Carrier/Country Code Digit Table (CCDIG)
A multi-purpose table used in the Outward Translation process. When
Carrier Override is in effect, this table provides the Logical Route 1
to get a carrier to use for the call. Also, in the USA for "Feature
Group D" calls, this table determines a portion of the outpulsed
digits.

Carrier ID
The three digit number assigned to a (long-distance) carrier. These
three digits are the "XXX" in 10XXX preferred-carrier dialing. Up to
100 carriers can be defined in a system. Also see Carrier Index.

Carrier Index
A two digit index used internally to identify each defined carrier.
Also see Carrier ID.

Carrier Override
A parameter that may be specified in the Outward Translation process.
When present in the Physical Route table, it means that a specified
long-distance carrier will always be used to complete calls to this
particular route instead of any Preferred Carrier or Presubscribed
Carrier. When present in the Carrier Route table, the carrier specified
will be used in the event that the subscriber's preferred or
presubscribed carrier is unable to complete the call.

Carrier Route (CARRTE)
In the Outward Translation process, a termination route which sends a
call to an external carrier. Used for long-distance calls, or other
calls which can not be completed with trunks directly accessible by the
EMX. Subscribers may have a particular carrier pre-selected, or may
specify one when dialing; otherwise, a default carrier is used.

CARRTE
See Carrier Route.

CAS
Channel Associated Signalling. The E1 signalling used in the MCMC in
the 1.2.1.0 software release or later.

CAT
Cellular Application Terminal.

Catastrophic Outage
The class of outage that affects service to a moderate number of
circuits originating or terminating on the EMX 2500 system.
Catastrophic outages occur when more than 25% of the originating and/or
terminating circuits cannot complete a call or more than 25% of the
originating and/or terminating calls are mishandled. Also see Major
Outage, Minor Outage.

Cavity Filter
Used in the DYNA TAC base station to selectively filter the output of
the power amplifiers.

CBI Board
See Control Bus Interface Board.

CBI Timing Bus Failure (CBICF)
If a timing bus failure occurs in the subsystem in which the CBI
resides, the SMP is not able to access the CBI to determine which
subsystem reported the failure. The active low CBICF signal is provided
so this condition can be reported to the SMP by the CBI boards.

CBICF
See CBI Timing Bus Failure.

CBSC
Centralized Base Station Controller. Part of the BSS. Consists of the
Mobility Manager and Transcoder. Provides BTS cluster control,
switching, traffic concentration, and transcoding functions.

CC
Carrier Cancellation.

CC
Color Code.

CC
Common control.

CCA
Call Processing Conflict Audits.

CCB
Configuration control bus.

CCCH
Common Control Channel. A common access RF channel providing
point-to-multipoint bi-directional signaling up- and downlink. Used to
control paging and grant access. Includes the PCH and SCCH. Commonly
used with the UPCH.

CCDIG
See Carrier/Country Code Digit Table.

CCE
Channel Coordination Processor Extension

CCEP
Channel Coordination Processor Extension Power

CCE/MSU
Channel Coordination Processor Extension/ Maintenance and Status Unit

CCF
See Common Control Frame.

CCIR
An abbreviation for International Radio Consultative Committee. One of
the permanent organizations of the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU).

CCIS
Common Channel Interoffice Signaling

CCITT
An abbreviation for International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee. An international organization concerned with devising and
proposing recommendations for international communications. One of the
permanent organizations of the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU).

CCITT No. 7 (C7, C7S)
A method of Common Channel Signaling for voice and non-voice services
in a digital environment. Signaling information is sent at 64 kbps.
Used internationally. Also see Common Channel Signaling, T1.

CCM
Credit Card Mobile.

CCP
Channel Coordination Processor

CCS
1. Common Channel Signaling. 2. Call Completion Service. The service
supplied by the EMX 2500, BSCs, NAMPS subscriber units, and the MCMC.
The EMX provides message delivery services to the subscriber unit.

CCS (100 Call Seconds)
A measure of traffic load obtained by multiplying the number of calls
per hour by the average holding time per call expressed in seconds, and
dividing by 100. Often used in practice to mean hundred call seconds
per hour with "per hour" implied; as such, it is a measure of traffic
intensity.

CCSAN
CCS Active Notification.

CCS7
Common Channel Signaling #7.

CCT
See Collection Control Table.

CCW
Cancel Call Waiting.

CDF
Configuration Data File. A file of current configuration and telephony
status data generated for the OMC-R and each CBSC and BTS, based on the
OMC-R Configuration Database. Used during initialization. Also called
Cell-site Data File.

CDL
Call Data Log.

CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access as defined in IS-95.

CDMP
Cellular Digital Message Protocol. An application protocol used for
communication between an IP and thr MR.

CDMS
Cellular Digital Message Service. The service supplied by the EMX 2500,
BSCs, NAMPS subscriber units, and the MCMC. The MCMC provides message
delivery services to the subscriber unit.

CDP
Clock Distribution and Parity

CDR
See Call Detail Record.

Cell
The RF coverage area in radiotelephone system resulting from the
operation of a single multi-channel set of base station equipment. This
term can also be used to describe the base site equipment servicing
this area.

Cell Group Manager (CGM)
The processor that supports the cellular subsystem software.
Redundant-pair CGMs reside on the MCM bus and control up to 26 BSLKs.
It handles all signaling between the switch and the cell sites to
coordinate the use of trunk circuits to the cell site radio equipment.
A maximum of six CGM pairs are supported.

Cell Site
The location of a BTS.

Cell Site Controller (CSC)
A microprocessor-based, multiple-function card used to coordinate the
activities of the cell site equipment. It also provides the cell site
interface with the EMX switching equipment via a modem data link.

Cellular Call Processing Subsystem
A subsystem of the EMX 2500 which communicates with the BSCs to
coordinate and control the use of radio channels by BSCs and mobile
units. Motorola's cellular portion of the Call Processing Subsystem.

Cellular Fault Management (CFM)
The EMX 2500 software subsystem responsible for detecting and analyzing
base site failures, including the process designed to reconfigure the
cell to restore normal operation.

Cellular Group Manager Processor
See Cell Group Manager.

Cellular Network Link (CNLK)
A data connection between an EMX and another EMX. The datalinks use the
LAPB protocol of CCITT standard X.25. In an EMX 2500, up to four
cellular network link processors are under the control of each Cellular
Network Processor (CNP). Each CNLK processor is an SFCC board (four
datalinks each) making for a maximum of 64 cellular network links. Also
see Link.

Cellular Network Manager (CNM)
A redundant processor pair which oversees cellular network (DMX)
communications. The CNM is subordinate to the Call Processing Manager,
and controls up to four Cellular Network Processors.

Cellular Network Processor (CNP)
A redundant processor pair which controls up to four Cellular Network
Link Processors. An EMX 2500 can have up to four CNPs. The CNPs are
subordinate to the Cellular Network Manager.

Cellular Subsystem
Refers to those portions of the EMX 2500 that are used for cellular
telephony, and not present in the base DSC DEX product. The cellular
subsystem hardware consists of the Mobile Control Manager, Cellular
Network Manager, and their subordinate processors, plus those Line
Trunk Managers designated as mobile trunks and their subordinate
processors.

Cellular System
A fully automatic, wide-area, high-capacity radiotelephone system made
up of a group of RF coverage areas called cells. As a subscriber passes
from cell-to-cell, a series of handoffs maintain smooth call
continuity. DYNA TAC, AMPS, and T.A.C.S. are examples of leading
cellular systems.

Central Office (CO)
The central office comprises a switching network and its control and is
a facility whose communication common carrier terminates customer lines
and locates the equipment for interconnecting those lines.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A node or a system of nodes which provides processing capability to
control call connections and provides call information within the EMX
system.

CES
Control Extension and Switch

CES
Common Equipment Shelf. See PDC.

CFB (Call Forwarding on Busy)
A cellular calling feature which forwards a call to a new number if the
terminating party is busy.

CF
See Call forwarding.

CFC (Call Failure Class)
A hexadecimal number representing a specific failure mode.

CFM
See Cellular Fault Management.

CFN (Call Forwarding on No Reply)
A cellular calling feature which forwards a call to a new phone number,
if there is no reply by the terminating party.

CFU (Call Forwarding Unconditional)
A cellular calling feature which always forwards a call to a new number
regardless of the nature of the call.

CGC
Channel Group Concentrator

CGM
See Cell Group Manager.

CGSA
Cellular Geographic Service Area

CGSA-H
See Home Area.

Change Journal
The final segment of a system tape that contains records that log all
recent change or SIM commands so that they will be re-entered into the
system automatically if it is reloaded from tape.

Change Messages
Standard formatted messages used by recent change software to activate
programs that update subscriber or system data bases.

Changes (Subscriber and System)
User specified changes, selected subscriber feature options,or changes
to the equipment installed in the EMX system.

CHAN
The base site device that controls a Voice Channel. Used in both HD and
LD-type base stations. Also see Voice Channel.

Channel
1) A particular member of a group that is associated with a unique time
slot. Each member is associated with one port in the switch; either and
RF channel, a land trunk, a three-party conference circuit, or a tone
signaling port. 2) A particular member of an RF group that has a unique
frequency.

Channel
For a TDMA air interface, it describes the unique frequency and time
slot allocation for a single call.

Channel Bank
Equipment which converts a digital T1 signal to 24 or 30 individual
analog circuits and, conversely, converts the signals from the analog
circuits to the T1 format signal.

Channel Clear Message
A message from the Base Site Controller (BSC) indicating that the
carrier has been dropped at the end of a call and that the channel is
now clear and is available to receive transmissions.

Channel Control
Software package that controls the radio channel interface for call
processing.

Channel Coordination Extension (CCE)
Extension cage connected to the Channel Coordination Processor (CCP)
node to provide expansion slots for peripheral cards, in particular,
the Serial Communications Interface Peripheral (SCIP) card.

Channel Coordination Processor (CCP)
Twin processor cage that performs similar functions related to the
mobile channel control in a Nordic or DYNA TAC system:

* In Nordic (NMT) systems, the CCP manages the channels in the same cell
(site). This includes channel allocation (calling, traffic, etc.) and
interfaces between the other nodes in the system. The CCP coordinates
handoffs and the Mobile Communications Interface (MCI).
* In DYNA TAC systems, the channels in every cell site are under the
control of Base Site Controllers, including channel allocation. The CCP
function then is to interface the DYNA TAC Base Site Controller (BSC)
with other nodes, and to coordinate cell-to-cell handoffs. See Node.

Channel and Device State Tables
Entries in the data base that contain channel numbers and device IDs
and indicate the current service condition of each channel and device
in the system.

Channel Group Concentrator (CGC)
Used in Nordic and IMTS systems to interface between the Channel
Coordination Processor (CCP) and the RF channel (i.e., channel
signaling interface cards).

Channel Port
See Port.

Channel Seizure Signal
A signal sent by a mobile on a particular channel to seize that
channel.

Channel Signaling Bay
In a cellular system, a hardware frame that houses up to three channel
signaling unit cages and the associated power supplies.

Channel Signaling Interface (CSI)
The CSI has three functions:

* Voice path interface between the radio channels and the switch (i.e.,
channel banks).
* Radio channel control, i.e., handles the signaling to/from the Base
Control Unit, Site Supervisory Unit, and mobile subscriber.
* Data interface coordination between the radio channel and the Channel
Control Processor (via Channel Group Concentrator), including
translation to/from Nordic signaling. (In Nordic systems, one CSI card
controls two radio channels.)

Channel Signaling Unit (CSU)
Used in Nordic and IMTS systems. This is a cage that houses one Channel
Control Processor card and its associated Channel Signaling Interface
cards.

Channel/Trunk Group Numbers
Number assignments used to identify the individual RF channels and
telephone company trunks that are part of a particular EMX system and
Central Office, respectively. Channels and trunk members are stored in
data base tables which maintain the status of each member.

Channels, Maximum (CMAX)
In DYNA TAC systems, the maximum number of channels to be scanned by a
mobile station when accessing a system. See Numeric Information.

Character
Any group of binary digits which represents a mark, letter, numeral,
signal or symbol.

Charge Meter
A device optionally installed in mobile telephones that provides a
visual indication of the cost of a call. The charges displayed are
controlled by the EMX 2500; use of a purchasable Special Product
(either Fixed Charge Rate or Variable Charge Rate) is required.

Checkpointing
The activity that concerns the transferring of data or messages from
active to standby processors of the control system. The checkpointing
function is used to maintain identical write-protected data files (such
as subscriber files) on both sides of the EMX Control System. Data are
checkpointed periodically, as required, and only processed data is
checkpointed. When checkpointing is turned-on, information is updated
in write-protected memory on the active side of the EMX, identical data
are entered into the corresponding write-protected memory on the other
side. The checkpointing function is turned on or off automatically by
the operating software depending upon the current and previous states
of the processors. For example, checkpointing is not desired and is
turned off when the two processing systems ("A" side and "B" side)
contain different operating software or when a side is being loaded
with new software.

CHGPIN
Change PIN.

CHI bus
Concentration Highway Interface bus. A digital bus within the BTS with
nine TDM channels to carry control and traffic data between the GLI and
transceiver. Operates at 2.048 Mbps.

Child
A device which is enabled/controlled by a higher level device.

CIR
Carrier-to-Interference Ratio.

CKF
See Timing Bus Failure.

CKT
Circuit.

Class
Refers to a non-device, such as Software Load Management or MM Fault
Management.

Class of Outage
The type classification of a system outage. The three types of system
outages are: catastrophic, major, and minor.

Class of Service
A parameter in the subscriber data base which records the type of
service to which a customer is limited, e.g., local dialing or
international dialing.

Clearing Signal
A signal sent by a system to a mobile, to turn it off for a system
related reason.

Clear-to-Send (CTS)
A handshake signal used with communication links, especially EIA
RS-232C or CCITT Rec. V.24, to indicate (to a transmitter from a
receiver) that transmission may proceed. Generated in response to a
request-to-send signal. (Also see Request-to-Send.)

CLCI
Common Language Circuit Identifier

CLI
Calling Line Identification. A CLI is the telephone number of the
calling party automatically transmitted by the switch. The CLI buffer
in the mobile unit is used for digital pages, not CLIs.

CLI
Command Line Interface. A user interface accessed at the OMC-R, as well
as at the MM and BTS via the LMF. Provides a typed text command and
response interface for the operator. Contrast to GUI.

CLID
Calling Line ID.

CLI Dialog Session
The time interval between invoking and concluding CLI activity.

Click Tone
A particular progress tone used within a telephone system sounding like
a click. It is injected into a subscriber's audio, typically whenever
that particular call is in a waiting or holding mode for an electrical
or timing reason. It indicates to the subscriber that the call has not
been abandoned by the telephone network.

CLIR
CLI Presentation Restricted.

CLK
Time Clock.

CLKX Card
Clock Extender card. Part of the XC. Distributes GCLK clock and
reference signals to each XC shelf.

CLLI
Common Language Location Identifier

CLM
Communications LAN Module. A hardware component (board) located in the
Tandem ST-2000.

CLNCLR
Clone Clear.

Clock
A device that generates periodic signals used for system
synchronization.

Clock Card (CLK)
The clock card generates system Clock (CLK) and Reference (REF) signals
which it distributes differentially to the Switch Control Unit (SCU),
Switch Unit (SWU), Group Multiplexer Unit (GMU) for Tone Signaling Unit
(TSU).

Clock Distribution and Parity (CDP) card
Distributes Clock card (CLK) and Reference (REF) to the Switch Unit
(SWU) and transfers parity and CLK-REF receiver alarms from the Group
Multiplexer Unit (GMU) to the Switch Control Unit (SCU).

Clock Recovery Board (CRB)
Extracts clock information from the T1 span line PCM signal by means of
a phase-lock loop circuit for use in synchronizing the EMX to a
local/remote Central Office. (See Digital Synchronization Subsystem.)

CM
Configuration Management..

CMAC
Control-Channel Mobile Attenuation Code

CMAX
The maximum number of channels to be scanned by a mobile station when
accessing a system. See Numeric Information.

CMB
Combined 100-Series Test.

CMCS
Configuration Maintenance Control Subsystem.

CMI
Communications Management Interface

CMPN
See Campon.

CMRTS
Cellular Mobile Radio Telephone Service.

CMS
Call Model Server.

CMSO
Cellular Mobile Switching Office.

CNLK
See Cellular Network Link.

CNM
See Cellular Network Manager.

CNP
See Cellular Network Processor.

CNR
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio. The ratio of the mean vector squared over the
statistical variance of all received vectors. The result is a dB ratio.

CO
Central Office

CO-1
Conference.

COC
Central Office Code

Code Blocking
A feature in which a system operator can block a given percentage of
calls in a geographic area in order to reduce system load.

CODEC (Coder/Decoder)
A speech coding unit that converts speech into a digital format for
radio broadcast, and vice versa.

Code Pages
Write-protected RAM on which EMX programs reside.

Coded Digital Color Code (DCC)
One of four tones in the 6 kHz region that are transmitted by a land
station on a signaling channel and transponded by a mobile station in a
cellular system. See also Digital Color Code.

Cold Convergence Calibration
A procedure performed on the LCI to determine an initial set of LPA
operating parameters which minimize the intermodulation distortion of
the LPA.

Cold Load
The process involved with loading system software after the EMX system
is first installed or after experiencing a total dc power loss.

Collection buffer
The memory used by AMA to stage call and control records prior to disk
write.

Collection Control Table (CCT)
An external memory table whose elements describe the collection buffer.

Collection File
The disk file in which call records are recorded by the AMA program.

Co-Located
At the same location; as in equipment installed in the same room or
building.

Color Code
An 8-bit code assigned to a BTS to distinguish interfering signals from
another cell.

COM-C
Communication Controller.

COM-P
Communication Processor.

COM-1 Board
See Asynchronous Communications Interface-1 board.

Combined 100-Series Test (CMB)
A sequence of tests that includes one-way noise, echo return loss, and
incoming level testing. Tests the transmission quality of line trunks.

Combined Channel
In Nordic systems, a radio channel that is marked as both a calling
channel and a marked traffic channel. See Calling Channel and Marked
Traffic Channel.

Combined Paging and Access (CPA)
See Numeric Information.

Combined Transponder Test (XLT)
Performs the following measurements: two-way level, two-way c-notch
noise, and one-way echo return loss. Tests the transmission quality of
line trunks.

COMM
(1) The Communication Processor; where the Session Program or the
Terminal Handler and the Serial Device Driver reside and execute. (2)
IPR log type for data communication IPRs.

COMM-2 Communication Interface
Functions as an alarm interface between a Maintenance Processor (ADM-E)
and Alarm Maintenance Multiplexers.

Command Channel
See Speaking Channel.

Command File
An ASCII disk file containing MMI commands and responses for prompts.
Allows automated operation of a series of commands.

Command Interpreter
Provides a high level interface between application software and the
terminal handler.

Command Name
Indicates the function to be performed by a command, i.e., PUT, FORCE,
ADD, CHANGE, etc. The command name is followed immediately by a colon
(:) and parameter blocks.

Command Name Table
Seven byte ASCII representation of teleprinter commands which have been
authorized for use in the system.

Commands
Predefined string of characters which are keyed on EMX teleprinters by
an operator to change service states, initiate program loading, or
activate other functions specified within the format of the command.

Common Battery
The Central Office positive voltage connected to earth and usually
chassis ground that serves as the return lead for feeding power to
telephone equipment.

Common Channel Interoffice Signaling (CCIS)
A separate common channel that carries all line and signaling
information for a group of interoffice trunks.

Common Channel Signaling
A signaling method using a link common to a number of channels for the
transmission of signals necessary for the traffic via these channels.

Common Control Frame (CCF)
Consists of the power distribution, AMA, CC00, and CC01 frames.

Common Equipment
Any equipment used by more than one trunk or channel.

Common Equipment Shelf
See PDC.

Common Memory
In each processor's memory a section (common memory) shared by all
memory pages. This section is used to store data and special software
routines for use by all memory pages (see Memory Page).

Communications Link (CL)
In Nordic systems, provides a path for communications between the Base
Control Unit (BCU) and Site Supervisory Unit (SSU).

Communications Package
The set of programs responsible for transferring messages and data
between processors via interprocessor links.

Communications Processor
(1) A slave processor to the Administration Manager which provides all
on-line terminal I/O handling in the system. (2) The Communications
Processor in the Administration Subsystem. Used for interfacing with
the operating and maintenance personnel at the CAMP terminals.

Commutating Switch Module
Used in the DYNA TAC base station to selectively gate RF signals from
one of the six sectors to the scanning receiver under control of the
BSC.

Companding
The process of compressing quantizing levels at low speech amplitudes
at the transmitting end of a system and expanding these levels at the
receiving end, thus reducing quantizing distortion. This term is a
contraction of compressing and expanding.

Compandor
A combination of a compressor at one point in a communication path used
for reducing the amplitude range of signals, followed by an expandor at
another point used for a complementary increase in the amplitude range.

Compatibility
The ability of any mobile station to place and receive calls in any
cellular system. All call placement is automatic.

Compiler
A language processor written to translate a higher-level language whose
structure, syntax and symbols are independent of any particular
machine. The higher-level language instructions most often do not
correspond directly to binary instructions. It is the compiler's job to
provide algorithms for this translation.

Composite Cell
A cell site consisting of two sets of cell equipment, called the
primary and secondary cells. The secondary cell must be LD or HD II.
Upgrading an HD cell to a composite cell allows the use of less
expensive LD or HD II equipment, and allows the use of the extended
frequency band (E-AMPS or E-T.A.C.S.). Composite cells can support more
channels than ordinary cells.

Concentrator
A switching unit located at a distance from a Central Office which
allows a large number of subscribers to be connected to the Central
Office over a much smaller number of trunks. The concentration ratio is
normally 5:1.

CONF
The Conference/Call Progress Tone Detector Processors in the Call
Processing Subsystem.

CONFIG
(1) EMX Configuration and Control Software. The subsystem which loads
programs into processors from the ADMIN disk in response to IPL, FISO,
and MMI requests. (2) IPR log type for configuration IPRs.

Conference Circuits
Used to establish three-way paths through the matrix. They are used for
conference calls and to make temporary "bridges" to effect smooth
handoffs. There can be up to 14 conference circuits configured on an
EMX 2500.

Configuration (Control), Administration and Maintenance Position (CAMP)
The CAMP Position is a VT100-compatible terminal capable of screen and
scrolling operations. I consists of a CRT and Keyboard or hardcopy
entry and display device(s) for entering control commands (MMI
commands) and receiving status reports.

Congestion
Situation occurring when an element cannot receive all the service it
is requesting. Contrast to overload.

Connected
For the LTMS, a mode that initiates or receives a call and provides
information on it.

Connection Random Access Memory (CRAM)
Connection (control) memory of the time slot interchange card used to
establish and maintain the connections between between the ports of the
switch.

CONTRO
IPR log type for control IPRs.

Control Bus Interface (CBI)
Board Primary function is to uncouple the Switch Matrix Processors
(SMP) from the subordinate control buses in the various switch matrix
card cages with regard to redundancy and fault tolerance.

Control Channel
In DYNA TAC systems, a channel used for the transmission of digital
control information from a land station to a mobile station or from a
mobile station to a land station.

Control-Channel Mobile Attenuation Code (CMAC)
A parameter of the control filler message used to inform the receiving
mobile of what transmit power level to use when transmitting on the
reverse control channel (RECC).

Controlled Roll-Out (CRO)
A CRO consists of a customer site implementation of a new product,
software release, or combination of products/releases, following the
successful completion of an FOA of the same system configuration. Only
those releases or release combinations which have successfully
completed an FOA together in a system configuration may be released as
a CRO to customers having the same product(s) or system configuration
as that of the FOA.

Control Mobile Attenuation Code (CMAC)
Used to adjust mobile transmitted RF power levels.

Controlling Switch
In a switch-pair, the switch that determines which Glare Resolution
should apply to a given Trunk Group upon the Dual Seizure condition.
The determination of which switch is the controlling switch is
predetermined by the owners of the switches.

Control Extension and Switch (CES)
The unit of the EMX 100 that combines the functions of the SCE and SWU
into a single card cage. See Switch Control Extension and Switch Unit.

Convergence
A procedure performed on the LCI to determine an optimal set of LPA
parameters which minimize the intermodulation distortion of the LPA.

COPS
Call Originations Per Second

COS (Class of Service)
Defines the extent of the services provided to a given subscriber.

Country Code
A one- to three-digit number which specifically identifies a country of
the world that an international call is being routed to (e.g., 1 =
North America, 44 = United Kingdom). See also Region Code.

Coupler
See directional coupler or multicoupler.

Coverage Area Requirement
A feature which allows inhibiting the mobile from accessing a cell based on
RF quality as reported from the MS and measured by the BTS.

Coverage Package
Defines a set of cells within the system. In the EMX 2500, there is a
maximum of 100 coverage packages.

COW
Cellular on Wheels.

CP
Communications Processor

CP TRKLST
Call Processing Trunk List.

CPA
Combined Paging and Access

CPE
Call Processing Manager Extension

CPM
Call Processing Manager.

CPM-E
See Call Processing Manager Extension.

CPMX
See Call Processing Manager Extension.

CPR
Call Profile Record. A record of a BTS-MS transaction, recorded in the
transceiver. Made up of data fields which specify details of a call.

CPS
1. Calls Per Second. 2. Call Processing Server.

cps
Characters Per Second

CPU
Central Processing Unit

CR
See Control Record.

See .

CRAM
Control RAM.

CRAM Copy
Connection Random Access Memory copy; a series of tables used for
controlling Switch Unit (SWU) signaling and identifying port
connections. Contains:

* CRAM Table
source port IDs.

* Source Local ID (SLID) Table
active job numbers.

* Out Status Table
outbound active signaling in all ports.

* In Status Table
inbound active signaling in all ports.

* Port Table
identifies which trunk group member numbers are associated with each
port.

Crash
A complete failure of either a hardware device or software operation. A
crash can halt the entire system's operation or just a particular
function.

CRB
Clock Recovery Board

CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check.

Credit Card Mobile
A mobile telephone equipped with a device that reads credit cards. The
purchasable Special Product: Credit Card Mobiles is required for the
EMX 2500 to process credit card information.

CRO
See Controlled Roll-Out.

Crosstalk
Unwanted sound in a voice channel resulting from cross-coupling to
another voice channel.

CRT
Cathode Ray Tube

CRTS
Cellular Radio Telephone System.

CSC
Cell Site Controller (LD Base Station)

CSI
Channel Signaling Interface

CSIC
Channel Signaling Interface Card

CSM
Communications Subsystem Manager

CSMA
Collision Sense Multiple Access. Part of Ethernet specification.

CSR
See Cellular System Release.

CSRF
Custom Statistics Reports Facility.

CSS -1. Cellular Subscriber Station
A generic hardware term used to identify equipment such as mobile
stations, mobile terminals, portables, and fixed cellular subscriber
stations which provide the user the capability to access cellular
network services. 2. Cellular System Subscriber
The owner of a cellular system subscriber account.

CSU
Channel Signaling Unit

CSUP
Channel Signaling Unit Power

CTC
Counter-Timer Chip

CTIA
Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association.

CTM
Custom Text Message. A textual message that goes into the short message
buffer on a subscriber's mobile unit. This is known as Short Text
Message (STM) in the MCMC application.

CTR
Counter

CTS
Clear-To-Send

CTSP
Common Trouble Shooting Procedure.

CUG
Closed User Group.

CUR
Custom Roaming.

Current States
The most recent service condition of an EMX component or telephone
line. Hardware service states are:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACT-DUP INS-BUSY LOADING SBY

ACT-SIMP INS-CMPN NOT-EQPD SBY-DUP

ACT-TNS INS-IDLE NOT-LOAD SBY-REST

ACT-TS INS-REST OOS SBY-SIMP

DAC-ACT INS-RTN OOS-MNT SBY-TNS

DAS-ACT INS-SBY OOS-QUE SBY-TS

DAS-SBY INS-SIMP OOS-RCVY SYS-ACT

INS INS-TEST OOS-SYS SYS-SBY

INS-ACT LOADED OOS-TEST

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Custom Roaming
A Special Product which enables roaming customers to choose which
remote areas, if any, in which they wish to automatically receive calls
from the home area. Also see Dynamic Roaming.

Cutover
The act of disconnecting an existing switching machine and connecting
in its place another machine.

Cut-Through Codes
Short codes (such as 411 and 911) which are used as soon as they are
recognized. Cut-through takes place immediately after the last digit of
the code.

CW (Call Waiting)
A cellular calling feature which allows a subscriber to receive another
call when a call is already in progress.

CWS
Craft Workstation.

Cycle Time
The shortest period of time necessary to complete one computer
instruction.

Cylinder
All EMX 2500 system tracks at the same radius on all recording surfaces
of the disk.

+---+
| D |
+---+

D/A
Digital-to-Analog

DAC
DAS Communications and Statistics

DAC Active (DAC-ACT)
Indicates the state in which the DAC tape is in service. (See DAS
Communications and Statistics Tape.)

DAD
Differential Alarm Driver

Daisy Chain
A network configuration defining interconnections between the CBSC and
several BTSs, where a single 1.544 Mbps HWY connects the CBSC serially
to each BTS. All communication between the CBSC and the last BTS flows
through all other BTSs. It allows sharing the 1.544 Mbps HWY among
cells with fewer traffic channels to reduce cost, but a failure affects
multiple interconnections. Span line stability limits the number of
BTSs chained together. Contrast to star and loop configurations.

DAL
See Dedicated Access Lines.

DAN
See Digital Announcer.

DAR
Differential Alarm Receiver

DART
See Dual Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter.

DAS
Data Acquisition System

DAS-ACT
Data Acquisition System Tape Active

DAS-SBY
Data Acquisition System Tape Standby

DAS Back-Up Tape
Unit held in Active-Standby to be used when the active DAS tape is
taken off-line or fails so that no billing data are lost. See Data
Acquisition System.

DAS Commands
Teleprinter commands used to activate programs for program loading,
statistics requests, and controlling magnetic tape units.

DAS Communications and Statistics (DAC) Tape
A tape drive designated to record only communications and statistics,
tape management, and time change records. Valid only in systems with
DAS tape mode 1 or 2. If there is a DAC drive in service, then the DAS
drive will record only ticketing records.

DAS Tape
The magnetic tape which is used to record statistics, communication,
time change, tape management, and ticketing records.

DAT
Digital Audio Tape. A magnetic tape conforming to an international 4 mm
tape standard. The MCMC uses DAT tapes for software installs and
database/voice mail backups.

Data Acquisition System (DAS)
One of the twin processor subsystems (or nodes) within some EMX models.
The DAS is responsible for subscriber ticketing and operational system
statistics. The DAS handles the interface to the magnetic tape drives
and the Real Time Clock (RTC). See also Node.

Database
Files and tables from which EMX programs obtain information to perform
specific functions. The EMX data base is functionally divided into
Subscriber files and System files which supply all data required for
Call Processing, System Administration, and Common Control Software.

Database Backup Tape
Magnetic tape containing copies of all the data files from disk. Made
on regular intervals, backup tapes allow recovery of the data base in
the event of a disk failure.

Database Editor (DBE)
MMI commands which allow the operator to change, delete or display
information in the system's data base.

Database Processor (DBP)
The DBP comprises one of the twin processor subsystems (or nodes)
within an EMX. The DBP maintains information such as mobile subscriber
files, the system dialing plan, all alarms and interfaces with the
maintenance teleprinter, and part of the system configuration file.

Database Processor Extension (DBE) Cage
Extension cage connected to the Database Processor (DBP) node to
provide expansion slots for peripheral interface cards.

Data Link
The communications lines, modems, or other hardware used in the
transmission of information between two or more points.

Data Pages
Read/write RAM used to store call data subscriber/ system files, tables
and all other data needed as arguments for program instructions. Some
portions of this memory can be write protected.

Data Set
One or more blocks of information recorded on tape.

Data Structure
A means of representing information used in a system.

Data Word(s)
The variable fields in the IPR report. The IPR dictionary contains a
definition for each data word used by an IPR.

DATB
Direct Access Test Bus.

DATB Database
Specifies the trunk numbers that are attached to the test bus. (There
is one test bus per trunk bay, making a possibility of 47 DATBs.)

Day and Time of Day Messages
Current Gregorian calendar date (MMDDYY), Julian date (DDDYY), and the
current real time-of-day in seconds in the 24-hour format (00-00-00
through 23-59-59).

dBm
A dB referenced to 1 milliwatt; 0 dBm equals one milliwatt.

dBm0
Noise power in dBm referred to or measured at a zero transmission level
point (0TLP).

DBCM
Database and Configuration Management.

DBE
See Data Base Editor.

DBE
Data Base Processor Extension

DBMS
Data Base Management System, runs on the OMC-R platform.

DBP
Data Base Processor

DCC
DC Converter module. Located in the MM and OMC-R. It supplies regulated
DC power.

DCC
Digital Color Code

DCE
Data Communication Equipment. The RS-232 configuration designated for
computers. DCE equipment can be connected to DTE equipment with a
straight cable, but to other DCE equipment only with a "null modem."

DDD
Direct Distance Dialing

DDT
See Delimiter Descriptor Table.

DEALL
Deactivate All.

Debug
The process of locating and correcting errors in a computer program.

Decibel (dB)
A unit stating the logarithmic ratio between two amounts of power.

Decode
To convert received PCM code words into pulse amplitude modulation
pulses which are the same as the quantized samples at the transmitting
end.

Dedicated Access Lines (DAL)
A group of leased lines that interconnects the OCC switching system to
a dedicated customer. Dedicated access lines are connected to a
customer telephone, key telephone system or a PBX.

DEF
Default.

Default Package (DEFPKG)
The level of service which is to be accorded to non-standard mobile
originators. Situations for which a default package would be applied
include valid foreigns, mobiles with invalid serial numbers, service
denied, outside their coverage package, and more. Handling for each
condition can be controlled separately. DEFPKG also refers to the table
in which this handling is defined.

Delay Dial
A type of trunk communications signal generated by the receiving
station. This signal acknowledges seizure of a line but causes the
transmitting station to delay further signaling (dialing) until the
receiver generates a "start dial" signal.

Delimiter Descriptor Table (DDT)
A specific set of parameters which describes the value or value ranges
of a field in a call record to be displayed.

Delimiter Routine
A process by which the delimiter specification is validated against a
call record.

Demand Manual Tests
Those tests invoked by a man-machine interface command and are software
driven.

Demodulation
The process of retrieving an original signal from a modulated carrier
wave.

Denied Foreign File
In subscriber recent change (SIM), this file contains mobile IDs of
subscribers from other mobile telephone systems who are to be denied
service.

Denied Serial Number File
In subscriber recent change (SIM), this file contains the serial
numbers of subscribers who are to be denied service.

DES
Dynamic Equipment Sharing. Allows RF channels at a cell to be allocated
to any sector as needed.

Device Identification
Each hardware device in the EMX 2500 system ID identified by three
numbers: the DEVICE TYPE, the DEVICE SUBTYPE and the DEVICE ID. The
TYPE distinguishes between types of hardware such as processors,
memory, disk, tape, etc. The SUBTYPE distinguishes between groups of
the same type of device such as ADMIN Manager Memory and CALL Manager
Memory. The ID distinguishes between individual devices within a group
such as ADMIN Manager A and ADMIN Manager B.

Device Monitor Task
Periodically scans the FISO data base entries for all devices and
conditionally resets selected flags and counts.

Device State Transitions
Changes in the service condition of any EMX hardware component. Changes
in states result from teleprinter commands, hardware failures, or line
signals.

Device Types
Uniquely identify EMX hardware components. They consist of:

* Functional unit type.
* Unit descriptor.
* Subunit descriptor.
* Modifier descriptor.

DIA-1 Board
See Disk Interface Adapter-1 Board.

DGI
Digital Group Interface

DID
Direct Inward Dialing

Diagnostic
Procedure which attempts to localize a fault by setting test conditions
in a unit and looking for erroneous results.

Diagnostic Programs
Software designed to ensure that hardware components and error
detection circuits operate properly. Includes:

* Call progress checks.
* Circuit checks.
* Time release checks.
* Fault recovery.
* Tone verification.
* Remote testing.
* Voltage monitoring.
* Transmission path checks.

Dial Pulse Digits
Digits received or sent out in a dial pulse format.

Dialed Digits
The series of numbers received via telephone company interface devices
or base site controllers as a result of dialing on land or mobile
telephone terminals.

Dialing Timeout
Timeout indication which releases mobile from channel if no dialing
information has been received or if a length of time between dialed
digits is excessive.

Dialog Session ID
A six-digit identifier assigned to a CLI dialog session. The ID is
displayed in event messages generated in response to commands entered
during that session.

Dial Tone
A signaling protocol that responds to a request for service and
indicates a "start dial" to the sending switch. The dial tone is
returned after the receiving switch is prepared to collect the incoming
digits. See Progress Tones.

DIC
Direct Inter-LATA Trunks.

DID
See Direct Inward Dialing.

Differential Alarm Driver (DAD)
A circuit card in the Switch Unit (SWU) of DYNA TAC systems, provides a
TTL to differential interface between the Switch Unit (SWU) node and
the switch control node for the transmission alarm and status signals.
Differential alarm receiver card connector plugs directly over
backplane wire wrap pins.

Differential Alarm Receiver (DAR)
Card in the Switch Control Unit (SCU) of DYNA TAC systems, provides a
differential to TTL interface between the switch unit node and the
Switch Control Unit (SCU) node for the reception of alarm and status
signals. Differential alarm driver card connector plugs directly over
backplane wire wrap pins.

Differential Interface Receiver (DIR)
This card receives differential signals from the Dual Port Interface
Differential (DPID) card and converts them to TTL levels which are
distributed to the backplane of the extension cage where the DIR
resides. It also takes the extension cage's I/O bus (data, address and
control signals) and converts it to differential for transmission to
the Dual Port Interface Differential (DPID) in the main twin processor
node.

Differential Line Terminator (DLT-x)
Provides impedance matching resistors supplying characteristic
impedance for communication buses. Used to terminate differential line
type communication buses, clock buses, or buses compatible with 50-pin,
20-pin, or 10-pin bus cable receptacles. DLT-1 is equipped with 10
pins, DLT-2 with 20 pins, DLT-3 with 26 pins.

Differential Receiver
An amplifier that produces an output only in response to a potential
difference between its input terminals (differential mode signal) and
in which outputs from common mode interference voltages (i.e., that
voltage which is the same at both input terminals) on its input
terminals are suppressed. This receiver converts differential mode
signals that are compatible with a given logic family.

Digit Translation
The switching system capability to determine a traffic route based on a
set or subset of dialed digits.

Differential Signal
The instantaneous, algebraic difference between two signals. See
Bipolar.

Digit Analysis File
Contains all local numbering plan data.

Digit Translation
The switching system capability to determine a traffic route based on a
set or subset of dialed digits.

Digital Announcer (DAN)
Converts analog messages to digital in PCM format at the record
interface and stores messages in RAM memory.

Digital Color Code (DCC)
One of four 2-bit expressions transmitted by a land station on a
signaling channel and transponded by a mobile station in a cellular
system. This allows the land station to differentiate between a mobile
responding to its page and a mobile responding to a page from another
cell. See also Coded Digital Color Code.

Digital Interface Unit (DIU)
One shelf of a Digital Trunk Frame.

Digital Line/Trunk Interface Module (DIM)
Interfaces up to 16 T1 lines or digital trunk groups to 12 matrix PCM
ports without traffic concentration.

Digital Maintenance Frame (DMF)
One of the two types of trunk maintenance frames (TMFs) in the Trunk
Maintenance Subsystem (TMS) of the EMX 2500. The DMF houses a
transmission measurement set and a trunk test set for performing
automatic trunk testing and manual trunk testing on the digital trunks
in the T1 Digital Frame Subsystem.

Digital Message
A message addressed to one or more MCMC subscribers. There are three
types of digital messages: Voice Mail Notification, Short Message, and
Digital Page. A Short Message or Digital Page may be addressed to a
single subscriber or to a Call Group. A Voice Mail Notification is only
addressed to a single subscriber.

Digital Pad
A device that introduces loss in an analog signal that is digitally
encoded.

Digital Signal
A series of pulses or rapidly changing voltage levels that vary in
discrete steps or increments.

Digital Switch Matrix Subsystem
A three-stage, non-blocking digital switch which accommodates up to
32,768 appearances. Each channel supports data or PCM encoded analog
information in an 8-bit format at a 64 kbps rate. Each element in the
matrix is duplicated to provide 2N redundancy for both the control and
switching elements.

Digital Switching
A process in which connections are established by operations on digital
signals without converting them to analog signals.

Digital Synchronization Subsystem
Provides a method of synchronizing the EMX switching system clock to
another remote/local source. Makes use of CRB or DGI cards and an ECLK
card.

Digital Group Interface (DGI)
Serves the same purpose as the Voice Group Interface card (VGI) but
also includes a clock recovery circuit to provide digital sync to an
ECLK board for a T1 span line.

Digital-to-Analog Converter (D/A)
A device that converts an input number sequence into a function of a
continuous variable.

Digital Trunk Frame (DTF)
One frame or electronic rack of digital trunk interface equipment. One
DTF will interface to 1,536 digital trunk circuits.

Digital Trunk Interface (DTI) Board
A direct digital controller between two T1 carrier span lines and the
EMX 2500 matrix.

Digroup
A basic PCM 24-channel group operating at 1.544 Mbps. Also see T1.

DIM
See Digital Line/Trunk Interface Module.

DIR
1) Directive. 2) See Differential Interface Receiver.

Direct Code
See Service Code.

Direct Distance Dialing (DDD)
Automatic processing of toll calls by subscriber dialing. May require
one or more digits to be dialed before the called number.

Direct Inward Dialing (DID)
Automatic direct handling of calls into a PBX or customer-owned
exchange from a Central Office.

Direct Memory Access (DMA)
The process of transferring data directly between a processor's memory
and a peripheral device.

Direct Outward Dialing (DOD)
Automatic handling of calls from a PBX customer-owned exchange.

Directory Number
Number which a telephone user dials or keys to make a call. There is a
direct, but not identical, correspondence between a directory number
and a mobile ID.

Directed Page
Used in the Special Product: Custom Roaming. A method of paging in
which pages are only issued in the mobile's last known EMX and last
known paging area only. Also see Zone Page.

Directional Coupler
Located in the SIF. Bi-directional coupler carrying TX and RX RF
signals to and from the antennas. It includes a switch which allows the
signals to be routed to the RFDS for testing. Additionally, a port
allows direct measurement of in-band forward (TX) signals without
service interruption.

DISC-C (or DISK-C)
Disk Controller.

DISCS
Disconnected Subscriber.

Disk Directory List Utility (UDL)
Provides an off-line means of checking the contents and consistency of
the EKOS disk directories; lists information read from the directory
and allocation bitmap areas.

Disk Drive Subsystem
Consists of a pair of Winchester technology disk drives interfaced to
the disk controller located in common control.

Disk Examine Utility (UDX)
This is an off-line, utility for the EKOS disk file management system.
The UDX is the equivalent of the on-line features of the EDIT FILE,
RENAME FILE, and DELETE FILE.

Disk File
A named storage area of disk blocks for information maintained on a
disk device.

Disk File Utility (UDF)
Provides the ability to delete or rename any type of disk file as well
as to load and dump program files. These functions are menu-driven.

Disk Formatting
The initialization of writing various patterns onto the disk media to
make it suitable for normal usage.

Disk Interface Adapter-1 (DIA-1)
Board Provides the interface between two Administrative Manager
microprocessors and a PRIAM Smart Interface. The DIA-1 performs
arbitration between the two MPs.

Disk/Tape Copy Utility (UDC)
A utility program that will allow the operator to copy files to/from a
disk or magnetic tape.

Disk Test
Provided in the Administration process only. It performs a DIA
controller read-after-write memory test, a PRIAM controller self-test
that includes an up-down sequence test, a disk format, disk write with
pattern, and an all disk verification test.

Disk Unit Designations
Up to eight units are served by two different controllers, referred to
as controllers A and B by the PROM monitor and boot block programs.
These programs always use the first disk drive on the specified
controller. The system software numbers the controllers as 0 and 1. The
disk drives are implemented as pairs numbered from 0 to 3. One drive of
each pair is attached to each controller, although only drive pair 0 is
required. The minimum system is two units: each is designated unit 0
but is attached to controllers 0 and 1.

Display
A formatted report to be written to the CAMP terminal.

Display Specification
Tables which determine which events of a call record, or which control
records are displayed, set up on level 1 "DISPLAY" menu.

Display System Identification
System identification is a piece of information that is constantly
being broadcast over the signaling channels. This information is used
by all mobile units that can "hear" it to determine their status (home,
roam), and determine how they react to various other pieces of control
information they see on the signaling channel. The system
identification is assigned by the FCC and should be unique to every
system. The only reason this information would need to be displayed
would be to verify that everyone is in sync within the system (BSCs,
mobiles, etc.).

Display Topology
In DYNA TAC system recent change commands, given cell's handoff
topology may be of interest if handoffs are not functioning properly.
For example, a cell may be specified in the handoff topology that is
geographically too far away to be a good handoff candidate. This would
result in subscribers "ping ponging" between cells. Another reason
topology may be displayed is when adding or deleting cells that may be
adjacent to a given cell to ensure they are in or out of the topology
map.

Distance Handover
A handover due to a mobile's physical distance from the BTS, when
mobile timing advance exceeds the inter-sector timing advance handover
threshold.

Distributed Mobile Exchange (DMXt)
A distributed mobile exchange (DMX) consists of two or more members of
the basic EMX family married together to provide a large mobile
telephone exchange. The other switches can be EMX 2500s or other
switches in the EMX product line.

Distant Traffic Area
Area controlled by a different EMX terminal.

Distribution Amplifier Module
Used in the DYNA TAC base station to distribute the 15 kHz signals from
the SAT generator modules to (1) the voice and signaling channel
exciter modules, (2) to the receiver bay distribution amplifier, and
(3) to the second transmitter bay (if used).

Diversion
See Call Diversion.

Diversity
A method of improving received signal strength by making use of two
independent signals which differ in frequency or propagation path from
the source. In the DYNA TAC system, signals from the strongest two
sectors of the receive antenna are used to provide diversity. See
Maximal-Ratio Combining.

Diversity Reception
Redundant reception method. The use of two RX antenna input signals to
minimize effects of fading. Depending upon the cell and channel type,
diversity reception involves either one or two signal pairs. One pair
is based on the primary antenna plus the stronger of the adjacent
antennas. Two pairs are based on the primary plus one of each of the
adjacent antennas. The signals are sent to the XCVR. Pairs are sent to
master and slave XCVRs. Diversity reception requires duplicate antennas
in omni configurations.

DLC
Dummy Load Card

DLC
Digital Loop Concentrater

DLT-1
See Differential Line Terminator.

DLT-2
See Differential Line Terminator.

DLT-3
See Differential Line Terminator.

DMA
Deferred Maintenance Alarm.

DMA
Direct Memory Access

DMF
See Digital Maintenance Frame.

DMM
Digital Multimeter.

DMS
Digital Message Service system. The service is provided by the EMX
2500, BSCs, NAMPS subscriber units, and the Motorola Cellular Message
Center. The system provides message delivery services to the subscriber
unit.

DMSAN
DMS Active Notification.

DMSZP
DMS Zone Paging.

DMXt
Distributed Mobile Exchange

DMXIO
DMX Input/Output. Process that takes DMX messages and gates them into
the MTS where they can be sent to an application process.

DN
Directory Number (see MIN)

DNIS
Digital Number Identification Sequence. A set of DTMF tones transmitted
to a terminating telephony device that are used as an identification
number for the call. The DNIS identifies the dialing unit and so can be
used to select the service or equipment that the user may access.

DOD
Direct Outward Dialing

DOJHLR
A feature that enables the IS-41 Converter operator to selectively
apply the DOJ call delivery restrictions based on the visiting
subscriber's HLR.

Downlink
The direction from the PSTN to the MS (through the MSC, MM, and BSS),
taken by control and audio/traffic signals in a cellular system.

Downtime
The time period during which a device or system is not functioning
properly.

DP
Dial Pulse

DP (Digital Page)
The telephone number entered by a caller and delivered to the
subscriber unit as a page. This page is displayed in the CLI buffer.
The Digital Page can be up to 32 digits long.

DPC
Destination Point Code.

DPI
Dual Port Interface Card

DPID
Dual Port Interface Differential

DPP
Dedicated Port Processes

DPS
Digital Power Supply.

DRAM
Dynamic RAM.

Driver Amplifier
One of the staged main amplifier modules located in the LPA shelf.
Amplifies the input signals from the RF Modem. Includes a pre-amplifier
followed by a three-stage driver amplifier.

Drivers
Software processes responsible for the output function that interacts
with output devices such as teleprinters and tape units. Duplicate
driver processes operate in standby units.

Drop
(SCIP-MSCP communications link; multidrop link.) A logical connection
between the SCIP card and a peripheral. The peripheral may be a cell
site, a SCP (DYNA TAC system), or a CGC (Nordic).

Drum Intercept Announcer (DIA)
See Recorder Announcer.

Drummer
For the LTMS, a mode that dials a number repeatedly and provides
information on the calls.

DS
A designation referring to the digital signal level and bit rate in the
digital hierarchy (and other defined interface characteristics). For
example, DS-1 refers to a digital signal at the first level or 1.544
Mbps.

DSAP
Disk Space Analysis Program

DSG
Data Structures Generator.

DSP
Digital Signal Processor.

DSSI
Downlink Signal Strength Indicator.

DSU
Data Service Unit. Provides physical interface conversion for C7 links
between the transcoder and MM (1.544 Mbps span line to V.35).
Interconnects the XC and MM in systems not using LAPx A links.
Interconnects V.35 compatible interface(s) on the MM with 1.544 Mbps
HWY interface(s) on the XC. The C7 signaling channels between the CBSC
and the MSC are transported over the interface. The DSU and router
reside in a common rack.

DTAP
Direct Transfer Application Part. Call processing protocol for
A-interface messages exchanged directly between the MSC and the mobile
unit without interpretation by the BSS. The format is specific to the
MSC and BSS manufacturers.

DTE
Data Terminal Equipment. The RS-232 configuration designated for
terminals. DTE equipment can be connected to DCE with a straight cable,
but to other DTE equipment only with a "null modem."

DTF
See Digital Trunk Frame.

DTG
Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Tone Generator

DTI Board
See Digital Trunk Interface Board.

DTMF
Dual Tone Multi-Frequency. The sounds a push button tone telephone
makes when it dials a number. A set of ''pure" tones used as a method
of encoding digits over voice lines.

DTMF Tone Generator (DTG or IDTG)
Board which produces the dual tone multifrequency signaling tones.

DTMF Tone Receiver (DTR or IDTR)
Board which detects the dual tone multifrequency signaling tones.

DTP
Dialogic Telco Platform. The product model name assigned by Dialogic
Inc. to the VRU chassis used in the MCMC products. This is an ISA-based
personal computer platform.

DTR
Dial Tone Required.

DTR
Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Tone Receiver

DTRX-1 Board
See Dual Tone Receiver-1 Board.

DTX
Discontinuous Transmission. Allows a mobile transmitter to power down
when no speech or data is being transmitted.

Dual Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (DART)
A dual-channel component used on the Z8000 microprocessor boards to
provide on-board serial communication capabilities.

Dual Port
Bus switch that gives complete control of a peripheral device to one of
the two processors in a node.

Dual Port Interface Differential (DPID)
The DPID card provides the signal interface between single port
peripheral cards and the dual bus of the twin processor node. It
converts the TTL I/O bus to differential and drives it over a
differential link to an extension cage where it is received by the
Differential Interface Receiver (DIR) which converts the differential
signal to TTL levels for the twin processor backplane.

Dual Seizure (Glare)
An attempt by two switches to select the same trunk circuit
simultaneously to complete a mobile handoff operation.

Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)
A method of sending numerical address information from a telephone or
PBX switchboard by sending simultaneously a combination of two tones
out of a group of eight. This is called Touch-Code by Motorola and
Touch Tone by AT&T.

Dual Tone Receiver-1 (DTRX-1) Board
Used to detect DTMF tone pairs (or valid DTMF digits). One DTRX-1 board
will interface 32 PCM channels.

Dump
Transfer of data from memory to a peripheral device with possible
intermediate reformatting of the data.

Duplex State
This is a state of the twin processor node and control system in which
there is an Active-Standby pair that in the event of a
processor-related failure, either processor can assume the processing
load. In a duplex state, both sides of the EMX are up.

Duplexer
Located in the SIF. Applies to TDMA signaling only. Allows a single
antenna to both transmit and receive. Routes TX signals from the LPA to
the directional coupler. Routes RX signals from the directional coupler
to the multicoupler. Includes transmit filter to reduce harmonic
frequencies and receive filter to reduce out-of-band signals.

DYNA TACr
The Motorola registered trademark used to describe the Motorola
cellular radiotelephone communications system that provides Dynamic
Adaptive Total Area Coverage. The DYNA TAC system consists of:

* EMX Mobile Telephone Exchange.
* DYNA TAC Cellular Base Stations.
* DYNA TAC Mobile Radiotelephone.
* DYNA TAC Portable Radiotelephone.

DYNA TAC signaling format meets FCC OST bulletin #53. The DYNA TAC cellular
system is a fully-automatic, wide area, high capacity mobile and portable
radiotelephone communications system that offers features and services
comparable with those of the public wireline network. The system is fully
compliant with FCC and EIA Guidelines for 800 MHz Cellular systems.

Dynamic-Duplex
The primary EMX twin processor node and control system mode of
operation in which the EMX processing system is configured for the
highest level of fault tolerance. In this state, the twin processor
nodes maintain duplicate copies of dynamically changing data stores in
the memory of both the active and standby processors. Not only are call
processing data stores fully backed up, but customer and system data
bases are also kept identical on both sides of each processing node.
Active and standby processors continuously monitor each other's
performance, and either is capable of assuming complete control of the
EMX without any break in system continuity or service.

Dynamic Noise
Similar to noise a listener would hear during the active part of the
con